D type battery capacity
Batteries are an incredibly popular power source that are used in a huge variety of projects. If you don’t want to plug your project into a wall, you’ll probably be using a battery to power it, so choosing the correct battery for your project is a very important step in the design process. There is a lot of variety in batteries, and a lot of factors that go into picking the perfect battery for your project. Here’s a quick rundown.
Batteries come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. In some cases the size and shape of the battery may be the most important factor. Coin cells and lithium-polymer batteries are great choices when a small form-factor is important. Other common battery sizes include AA, AAA, D, and 9V.
Chemistry
The chemistry that drives a battery is another characteristic to decide upon. Whether the battery is disposable or rechargeable is directly related to the battery’s chemistry. A few of the more popular disposable batteries include alkaline, lithium, and zinc-carbon. As far as rechargeable batteries go, there’s lead-acid (commonly found in automobiles), lithium-ion (often used to power consumer electronics), and NiCd and NiMH batteries (often take the same form as common alkalkine batteries: AA, AAA, etc.).
A battery‘s chemistry will also affect the nominal voltage that it will produce. For example, an alkaline battery, like a AA or AAA, has a nominal voltage of about 1.5V, while the voltage of a LiPo battery will usually be around 3.7V. The key word here is ‘nominal’, as the actual voltage of the battery will fluctuate depending on how much charge it has left. A fully charged LiPo battery will produce about 4.23V, while when discharged its voltage may be closer to 2.7V.
One more point on battery voltages: when two or more batteries are placed in series, the voltages of the batteries are added together. For example, lead-acid car batteries are actually made out of six single-cell lead acid batteries tied together in series; the six 2.1V cells add up to produce 12.6V. When tying two batteries in series, it’s recommended that they be of the same chemistry; also be wary of charging batteries in series as many chargers are limited to single-cell charging.
Capacity
Capacity is another of the more important characteristics to observe when picking your battery. The capacity of a battery is usually rated in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh), and it tells you how many amps a fully charged battery can supply over a period of one hour. For example, a 2000mAh battery can supply up to 2A (2000mA) for one hour. If you know the average current your project will require, and how long you want it to run before the battery dies, you can pick out a battery that will perfectly suit your project.
When you connect two or more batteries in parallel, the capacities add. For example, four AA batteries connected in parallel will still produce 1.5V, however the capacity of the batteries will be quadrupled.
Cylindrical Cell
The cylindrical cell continues to be one of the most widely used packaging styles for primary and secondary batteries. The advantages are ease of manufacture and good mechanical stability. The tubular cylinder can withstand high internal pressures without deforming.
Many lithium and nickel-based cylindrical cells include a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) switch. When exposed to excessive current, the normally conductive polymer heats up and becomes resistive, stopping current flow and acting as short circuit protection. Once the short is removed, the PTC cools down and returns to the conductive state.
Most cylindrical cells also feature a pressure relief mechanism, and the simplest design utilizes a membrane seal that ruptures under high pressure. Leakage and dry-out may occur after the membrane breaks. Re-sealable vents with a spring-loaded valve are the preferred design. Some consumer Li-ion cells include the Charge Interrupt Device (CID) that physically and irreversibly disconnect the cell when activated to an unsafe pressure builds up. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a cylindrical cell.
Typical applications for the cylindrical cell are power tools, medical instruments, laptops and e-bikes. To allow variations within a given size, manufacturers use partial cell lengths, such as half and three-quarter formats, and nickel-cadmium provides the largest variety of cell choices. Some spilled over to nickel-metal-hydride, but not to lithium-ion as this chemistry established its own formats. The 18650 illustrated in Figure 2 remains one of the most popular cell packages. Typical applications for the 18650 Li-ion are power tools, medical devices, laptops and e-bikes.
In 2013, 2.55 billion 18650 cells were produced. Early Energy Cells had 2.2Ah; this was replaced with the 2.8Ah cell. The new cells are now 3.1Ah with an increase to 3.4Ah by 2017. Cell manufacturers are preparing for the 3.9Ah 18650.
The 18650 could well be the most optimized cell; it offers one of the lowest costs per Wh and has good reliability records. As consumers move to the flat designs in Smart phones and tablets, the demand for the 18650 is fading and Figure 3 shows the over-supply that is being corrected thanks to the demand of the Tesla electric vehicles that also uses this cell format for now. As of end of 2016, the battery industry fears battery shortages to meet the growing demand for electric vehicles.
The demand for the 18650 would have peaked in 2011 had it not been for new demands in military, medical and drones, including the Tesla electric car. The switch to a flat-design in consumer products and larger format for the electric powertrain will eventually saturate the 18650. A new entry is the 21700.
There are other cylindrical Li-ion formats with dimensions of 20700, 21700 and 22700. Meanwhile, Tesla, Panasonic and Samsung have decided on the 21700 for easy of manufacturing, optimal capacity and other benefits. While the 18650 has a volume of approximately 16cm 3 (16ml) with a capacity of around 3000mAh, the 21700 cell has approximately 24cm 3 (24ml) with a said capacity of up to 6000mAh, essentially doubling the capacity with a 50% increase in volume. Tesla Motor refers to their company’s new 21700 as the “highest energy density cell that is also the cheapest.” (The 2170 nomenclature Tesla advocates is not totally correct; the last zero of the 21700 model describes a cylindrical cell harmonizing with the IEC standard.)
The larger 26650 cell with a diameter of 26mm does not enjoy the same popularity as the 18650. The 26650 is commonly used in load-leveling systems. A thicker cell is said to be harder to build than a thinner one. Making the cell longer is preferred. There is also a 26700 made by E-One Moli Energy.
Some lead acid systems also borrow the cylindrical design. Known as the Hawker Cyclone, this cell offers improved cell stability, higher discharge currents and better temperature stability compared to the conventional prismatic design. The Hawker Cyclone has its own format.
Even though the cylindrical cell does not fully utilize the space by creating air cavities on side-by-side placement, the 18650 has a higher energy density than a prismatic/pouch Li-ion cell. The 3Ah 18650 delivers 248Ah/kg, whereas a modern pouch cell has about 140Ah/kg. The higher energy density of the cylindrical cell compensates for its less ideal stacking abilities and the empty space can always be used for cooling to improve thermal management.
Button Cell
The button cell, also known as coin cell, enabled compact design in portable devices of the 1980s. Higher voltages were achieved by stacking the cells into a tube. Cordless telephones, medical devices and security wands at airports used these batteries.
Although small and inexpensive to build, the stacked button cell fell out of favor and gave way to more conventional battery formats. A drawback of the button cell is swelling if charged too rapidly. Button cells have no safety vent and can only be charged at a 10- to 16-hour charge; however, newer designs claim Rapid charge capability.
Most button cells in use today are non-rechargeable and are found in medical implants, watches, hearing aids, car keys and memory backup. Figure 4 illustrates the button cells with a cross section.
Prismatic Cell
Introduced in the early 1990s, the modern prismatic cell satisfies the demand for thinner sizes. Wrapped in elegant packages resembling a box of chewing gum or a small chocolate bar, prismatic cells make optimal use of space by using the layered approach. Other designs are wound and flattened into a pseudo-prismatic jelly roll. These cells are predominantly found in mobile phones, tablets and low-profile laptops ranging from 800mAh to 4,000mAh. No universal format exists and each manufacturer designs its own.
Prismatic cells are also available in large formats. Packaged in welded aluminum housings, the cells deliver capacities of 20–50Ah and are primarily used for electric powertrains in hybrid and electric vehicles. Figure 5 shows the prismatic cell.
The prismatic cell improves space utilization and allows flexible design but it can be more expensive to manufacture, less efficient in thermal management and have a shorter cycle life than the cylindrical design. Allow for some swelling.
The prismatic cell requires a firm enclosure to achieve compression. Some swelling due to gas buildup is normal, and growth allowance must be made; a 5mm (0.2”) cell can grow to 8mm (0.3”) after 500 cycles. Discontinue using the battery if the distortion presses against the battery compartment. Bulging batteries can damage equipment and compromise safety.
Pouch Cell
In 1995, the pouch cell surprised the battery world with a radical new design. Rather than using a metallic cylinder and glass-to-metal electrical feed-through, conductive foil-tabs were welded to the electrodes and brought to the outside in a fully sealed way. Figure 6 illustrates a pouch cell.
The pouch cell offers a simple, flexible and lightweight solution to battery design. Some stack pressure is recommended but allowance for swelling must be made. The pouch cells can deliver high load currents but it performs best under light loading conditions and with moderate charging.
The pouch cell makes most efficient use of space and achieves 90–95 percent packaging efficiency, the highest among battery packs. Eliminating the metal enclosure reduces weight, but the cell needs support and allowance to expand in the battery compartment. The pouch packs are used in consumer, military and automotive applications. No standardized pouch cells exist; each manufacturer designs its own.
Pouch packs are commonly Li-polymer. Small cells are popular for portable applications requiring high load currents, such as drones and hobby gadgets. The larger cells in the 40Ah range serve in energy storage systems (ESS) because fewer cells simplify the battery design.
Although easily stackable, provision must be made for swelling. While smaller pouch packs can grow 8–10 percent over 500 cycles, large cells may expand to that size in 5,000 cycles. It is best not to stack pouch cells on top of each other but to lay them flat, side by side or allow extra space in between them. Avoid sharp edges that can stress the pouch cells as they expand.
Extreme swelling is a concern. Users of pouch packs have reported up to 3 percent swelling incidents on a poor batch run. The pressure created can crack the battery cover, and in some cases, break the display and electronic circuit boards. Discontinue using an inflated battery and do not puncture the bloating cell in close proximity to heat or fire. The escaping gases can ignite. Figure 7 shows a swollen pouch cell.
Swelling can occur due to gassing. Improvements are being made with newer designs. Large pouch cells designs experience less swelling. The gases contain mainly CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CO (carbon monoxide).
Pouch cells are manufactured by adding a temporary “gasbag” on the side. Gases escape into the gasbag while forming the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) during the first charge. The gasbag is cut off and the pack is resealed as part of the finishing process. Forming a solid SEI is key to good formatting practices. Subsequent charges should produce minimal gases, however, gas generation, also known as gassing, cannot be fully avoided. It is caused by electrolyte decomposition as part of usage and aging. Stresses, such as overcharging and overheating promote gassing. Ballooning with normal use often hints to a flawed batch.
The technology has matured and prismatic and pouch cells have the potential for greater capacity than the cylindrical format. Large flat packs serve electric powertrains and Energy Storage System (ESS) with good results. The cost per kWh in the prismatic/pouch cell is still higher than with the 18650 cell but this is changing. Figure 8 compares the price of the cylindrical, prismatic and pouch cells, also known as laminated. Flat-cell designs are getting price competitive and battery experts predict a shift towards these cell formats, especially if the same performance criteria of the cylindrical cell can be met.
Historically, manufacturing costs of prismatic and pouch formats (laminate) were higher, but they are converging with cellular design. Pricing involves the manufacturing of the bare cells only.
Asian cell manufacturers anticipate cost reductions of the four most common Li-ion cells, which are the 18650, 21700, prismatic and pouch cells. The 21700 promises the largest cost decrease over the years and economical production, reaching price equilibrium with the pouch by 2025 (Figure 9).
Automation enables price equilibrium of the 21700 with the pouch cell in 2025. This does not include packaging where the prismatic and pouch cells have a cost advantages.
Fraunhofer predicts the fastest growth with the 21700 and the pouch cell while the popular 18650 will hold its own. Costs per kWh do not include BMS and packaging. The type cell chosen varies packaging costs as prismatic can easily be stacked; pouch cells may require some compression and cylindrical cells need support systems that create voids. Large packs for electric vehicle also include climate control that adds to cost.
USB-Rechargeable D Battery Kits Information:
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With your order you’ll get a FREE bonus gift, digital gifts will be sent to your inbox immediately after purchase:
[FREE] Blackout Response Guide
In this exclusive digital report, you’ll learn how to keep your life ON even when the power is OFF. It’s packed with tips and tricks on how to handle a blackout like:
- 13 items to have ready before a power outage
- When NOT to use candles (it’s not what you think)
- 1 phone number to never call for blackout updates
- How to prepare your pets
- Step-by-step tips for keeping food and water safe
Your USB-Rechargeable Batteries and FREE bonus gift could truly make a difference for you in a crisis. Click the “Add To Cart” button below.
24 Hours a Day / 7 Days a Week / 365 Days a Year
Customer Reviews: Folks Love These USB Batteries
I Bought 4 Kits to Charge EVERYTHING
I bought 4 four-packs of USB batteries and I am so glad I found these. After charging all the batteries I’m using them everywhere. Flashlights, PC mouse, led lighting, blood pressure cuff.
The four-battery charger port that comes with each pack is a neat nesting device that can not only charge the batteries but also other USB devices.
This product will pay for itself very quickly. Did I mention that I can charge my drone too and use the batteries in the wireless controller too.
I Feel Secure Having This
These batteries can be a lifesaver when something unexpected happens. Especially along with the 4Patriots solar-powered charger. They can all work hand-in-hand together.
Grab as many of these as you can get. You never know when you’ll need them, but you’ll be thankful you have them when that time comes!
Real reviews from real customers. Sometimes customers receive a free product to test or receive a free product as a thank you for submitting honest feedback. For more information, see footnote 1.
Your 4Patriots Order is 100% Risk-FREE
100% Money-Back Satisfaction Guarantee
If for any reason you’re not satisfied with your 4Patriots product, just return it within 365 days (that’s a full year) from the date of purchase and we’ll refund 100% of your purchase price.
Your Order Helps USA Veterans
When you shop with 4Patriots, a portion of the proceeds goes to charities that support our veterans and their families. Including Operation Homefront, Fisher House, A Soldier’s Child-Foundation and Team Rubicon.
4Patriots and our affiliated brands have donated more than 975,000 since we founded the company. And the number keeps growing!
You can feel good knowing that you’re supporting our veterans while getting the peace of mind you deserve.
An American Company You Can Count On
Thanks to your support, we’re able to employ 175 American men and women from all across the USA. People who work hard and truly enjoy helping folks get prepared for emergencies.
Our office is located in Nashville, Tennessee. We’re real people – Americans. Not some 800 number in a foreign call center.
So, if you need help… please call or chat with our friendly, America-based customer service team today.
Claim Your USB-Rechargeable D Battery Kits Now
24 Hours a Day / 7 Days a Week / 365 Days a Year
Q: What if I change my mind?
Q: Is it safe to buy online?
All testimonials in this advertisement are from real people; sometimes names and photos have been changed to protect their privacy and some were given free products in exchange for their honest feedback. Testimonials represent exceptional results, don’t apply to the average purchaser and are not intended to guarantee that anyone will achieve the same results. The organizations, publications and people referenced on this site are not affiliated with 4Patriots. They have not endorsed, sponsored or recommended this product; no affiliation or endorsement is claimed. Terms conditions apply. Cade Courtley is a former Navy SEAL and Platoon Commander who served 9 years of active duty and has been compensated by 4Patriots for his hard work in helping us test and endorse this product.
Battery charge times will vary based on the power capacity (mAh) of the battery. Always follow proper charging and usage instructions. Approximate charge times per battery type are as follows… D-batteries: 1.5 hours.
Join the list for early access to deals new products!
Contact Us
2920 Berry Hill Dr., Suite 300Nashville, TN 37204
This is the corporate office. No customer drop-ins, please.
USB-Rechargeable D Battery Kits Information:
Compatible Devices
100% Satisfaction Guarantee
24 Hours a Day / 7 Days a Week / 365 Days a Year
With your order you’ll get a FREE bonus gift, digital gifts will be sent to your inbox immediately after purchase:
[FREE] Blackout Response Guide
In this exclusive digital report, you’ll learn how to keep your life ON even when the power is OFF. It’s packed with tips and tricks on how to handle a blackout like:
- 13 items to have ready before a power outage
- When NOT to use candles (it’s not what you think)
- 1 phone number to never call for blackout updates
- How to prepare your pets
- Step-by-step tips for keeping food and water safe
Your USB-Rechargeable Batteries and FREE bonus gift could truly make a difference for you in a crisis. Click the “Add To Cart” button below.
24 Hours a Day / 7 Days a Week / 365 Days a Year
Customer Reviews: Folks Love These USB Batteries
I Bought 4 Kits to Charge EVERYTHING
I bought 4 four-packs of USB batteries and I am so glad I found these. After charging all the batteries I’m using them everywhere. Flashlights, PC mouse, led lighting, blood pressure cuff.
The four-battery charger port that comes with each pack is a neat nesting device that can not only charge the batteries but also other USB devices.
This product will pay for itself very quickly. Did I mention that I can charge my drone too and use the batteries in the wireless controller too.
I Feel Secure Having This
These batteries can be a lifesaver when something unexpected happens. Especially along with the 4Patriots solar-powered charger. They can all work hand-in-hand together.
Grab as many of these as you can get. You never know when you’ll need them, but you’ll be thankful you have them when that time comes!
Real reviews from real customers. Sometimes customers receive a free product to test or receive a free product as a thank you for submitting honest feedback. For more information, see footnote 1.
Your 4Patriots Order is 100% Risk-FREE
100% Money-Back Satisfaction Guarantee
If for any reason you’re not satisfied with your 4Patriots product, just return it within 365 days (that’s a full year) from the date of purchase and we’ll refund 100% of your purchase price.
Your Order Helps USA Veterans
When you shop with 4Patriots, a portion of the proceeds goes to charities that support our veterans and their families. Including Operation Homefront, Fisher House, A Soldier’s Child-Foundation and Team Rubicon.
4Patriots and our affiliated brands have donated more than 975,000 since we founded the company. And the number keeps growing!
You can feel good knowing that you’re supporting our veterans while getting the peace of mind you deserve.
An American Company You Can Count On
Thanks to your support, we’re able to employ 175 American men and women from all across the USA. People who work hard and truly enjoy helping folks get prepared for emergencies.
Our office is located in Nashville, Tennessee. We’re real people – Americans. Not some 800 number in a foreign call center.
So, if you need help… please call or chat with our friendly, America-based customer service team today.
Claim Your USB-Rechargeable D Battery Kits Now
24 Hours a Day / 7 Days a Week / 365 Days a Year
Q: What if I change my mind?
Q: Is it safe to buy online?
All testimonials in this advertisement are from real people; sometimes names and photos have been changed to protect their privacy and some were given free products in exchange for their honest feedback. Testimonials represent exceptional results, don’t apply to the average purchaser and are not intended to guarantee that anyone will achieve the same results. The organizations, publications and people referenced on this site are not affiliated with 4Patriots. They have not endorsed, sponsored or recommended this product; no affiliation or endorsement is claimed. Terms conditions apply. Cade Courtley is a former Navy SEAL and Platoon Commander who served 9 years of active duty and has been compensated by 4Patriots for his hard work in helping us test and endorse this product.
Battery charge times will vary based on the power capacity (mAh) of the battery. Always follow proper charging and usage instructions. Approximate charge times per battery type are as follows… D-batteries: 1.5 hours.
Join the list for early access to deals new products!
Contact Us
2920 Berry Hill Dr., Suite 300Nashville, TN 37204
This is the corporate office. No customer drop-ins, please.